18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The South Korean education system has engendered an environment where students are incessantly propelled towards the pinnacle of academic achievement, often at the expense of their psychological well-being and creative capacities. Sophia, once an effervescent and imaginative high school student, found her ardor for learning gradually eroded as the relentless focus on rote memorization and standardized testing supplanted her intrinsic curiosity. Her educators, beleaguered by inordinate class sizes and bureaucratic encumbrances, were incapacitated in fostering critical thinking or innovation. Consequently, Sophia's parents, ensnared by societal expectations, inundated her schedule with myriad hagwon programs to amplify her prospects of matriculating into a prestigious university. This myopic emphasis on quantifiable achievement culminated in a profound disenchantment with education, which she now perceived as an onerous gauntlet rather than an avenue for intellectual enrichment.

① 학생들에게 창의력을 키우는 방법을 소개하려고

② 사교육이 학생들의 창의성을 억압하는 문제를 논의하려고

③ 학업 성취도 향상을 위한 사교육의 필요성을 설명하려고

④ 학부모들에게 자녀 교육 방법을 조언하려고

⑤ 고등학생의 학습 동기를 높이는 방안을 제안하려고

19. 다음 글에 드러난 Benjamin의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?

Benjamin had always been lauded as a paragon of academic prowess, particularly in the realms of mathematics and physics. Upon entering high school, his parents, determined to maintain his competitive advantage, enrolled him in an exclusive private tutoring institution renowned for its rigorous curriculum. Initially, Benjamin was galvanized, his aspirations buoyed by the prospect of further intellectual refinement. However, as the tutoring sessions burgeoned in intensity and his personal time waned, he began to perceive the onerous weight of expectations. The exhilaration he once derived from unraveling complex theories was supplanted by an incessant anxiety and an insidious fear of inadequacy. Despite sustaining exemplary grades, the psychological toll became untenable. Ultimately, Benjamin discerned that the relentless pursuit of perfection was eroding his passion, prompting him to question his ability to withstand the perpetual pressure.

① confident → anxious

② excited → disillusioned

③ nervous → relieved

④ indifferent → motivated

⑤ hopeful → hopeless

20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The South Korean education system's inordinate reliance on standardized testing as the quintessential metric of student success is fundamentally flawed. While ostensibly efficient, this method subverts the cultivation of critical thinking and creativity—indispensable competencies in the contemporary global milieu. Students are inculcated to amass and regurgitate copious amounts of information, yet seldom are they afforded opportunities to apply this knowledge pragmatically or innovatively. This predilection for rote learning engenders a constricted conception of intelligence, valorizing test scores over analytical acumen and inventive prowess. Moreover, the system exerts an exorbitant amount of pressure on students, precipitating elevated levels of stress and burnout. To engender a more holistic and efficacious educational paradigm, a paradigmatic shift away from standardized testing toward fostering critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity is imperative.

① 표준화된 시험만으로 학생의 성공을 평가하는 것은 부적절하다.

② 시험 준비를 돕기 위한 추가 학습 자료의 개발이 시급하다.

③ 학생의 창의성을 키우기 위해 사교육의 역할을 강화해야 한다.

④ 교사들이 창의적 사고를 가르칠 수 있도록 더 많은 자원을 제공해야 한다.

⑤ 협력적 학습을 강화하는 것이 학업 성취도를 높이는 유일한 방법이다.

21. 밑줄 친 'a Sisyphean endeavor'가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

In South Korea's education system, students are anticipated to assimilate vast quantities of information without interrogating its pertinence or applicability to real-world quandaries. This inflexible paradigm can engender overwhelming stress, as students are narrowly concentrated on excelling in standardized assessments. Those incapable of coping with the pressure are frequently stigmatized as failures, exacerbating their distress. Conversely, students who manage to expand their perspective—perceiving education as more than a mere contest of test scores—are better equipped to navigate the system without internalizing its stressors. For them, the relentless pursuit of perfection becomes a Sisyphean endeavor, an endless toil devoid of meaningful progress. Recognizing this futility, they strive to find intrinsic value in learning, rather than being confined by external expectations.

밑줄: a Sisyphean endeavor

① a task that is unending and ultimately futile

② an opportunity to showcase one's resilience

③ a challenge that leads to personal growth

④ a journey filled with unforeseen obstacles

⑤ an ambition that is noble and rewarding

22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

As South Korea's education system becomes increasingly competitive, parents have gravitated toward private education as a panacea to ensure their children's success. Families invest exorbitantly in hagwons (private academies), envisaging that supplementary tutoring will confer an advantage in examinations. However, this burgeoning dependence on private education illuminates the deficiencies of public schools. Public school educators, encumbered by excessive class sizes and administrative obligations, grapple with providing the individualized attention requisite for student development. Consequently, affluent students capable of affording private education continue to outpace their peers, while those reliant solely on public schooling languish. The chasm between the two cohorts is widening, concomitantly amplifying the societal divide between socioeconomic strata.

① 사교육 의존으로 인해 교육 격차가 커지고 있다.

② 공교육이 학생들의 개별적 학습 요구를 충족하지 못하고 있다.

③ 부모들이 사교육을 선택하는 것이 자녀 성공의 필수적인 요소가 되고 있다.

④ 공교육과 사교육 간의 경쟁 구도가 형성되고 있다.

⑤ 학부모의 사교육 투자로 인해 공교육의 필요성이 감소하고 있다.

49초 동안 생각

18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

지문:

The South Korean education system has engendered an environment where students are incessantly propelled towards the pinnacle of academic achievement, often at the expense of their psychological well-being and creative capacities. Sophia, once an effervescent and imaginative high school student, found her ardor for learning gradually eroded as the relentless focus on rote memorization and standardized testing supplanted her intrinsic curiosity. Her educators, beleaguered by inordinate class sizes and bureaucratic encumbrances, were incapacitated in fostering critical thinking or innovation. Consequently, Sophia's parents, ensnared by societal expectations, inundated her schedule with myriad hagwon programs to amplify her prospects of matriculating into a prestigious university. This myopic emphasis on quantifiable achievement culminated in a profound disenchantment with education, which she now perceived as an onerous gauntlet rather than an avenue for intellectual enrichment.

① 학생들에게 창의력을 키우는 방법을 소개하려고

② 사교육이 학생들의 창의성을 억압하는 문제를 논의하려고

③ 학업 성취도 향상을 위한 사교육의 필요성을 설명하려고

④ 학부모들에게 자녀 교육 방법을 조언하려고

⑤ 고등학생의 학습 동기를 높이는 방안을 제안하려고

정답: ② 사교육이 학생들의 창의성을 억압하는 문제를 논의하려고

19. 다음 글에 드러난 Benjamin의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?

지문:

Benjamin had always been lauded as a paragon of academic prowess, particularly in the realms of mathematics and physics. Upon entering high school, his parents, determined to maintain his competitive advantage, enrolled him in an exclusive private tutoring institution renowned for its rigorous curriculum. Initially, Benjamin was galvanized, his aspirations buoyed by the prospect of further intellectual refinement. However, as the tutoring sessions burgeoned in intensity and his personal time waned, he began to perceive the onerous weight of expectations. The exhilaration he once derived from unraveling complex theories was supplanted by an incessant anxiety and an insidious fear of inadequacy. Despite sustaining exemplary grades, the psychological toll became untenable. Ultimately, Benjamin discerned that the relentless pursuit of perfection was eroding his passion, prompting him to question his ability to withstand the perpetual pressure.

① confident → anxious

② excited → disillusioned

③ nervous → relieved

④ indifferent → motivated

⑤ hopeful → hopeless

정답: ① confident → anxious

20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

지문:

The South Korean education system's inordinate reliance on standardized testing as the quintessential metric of student success is fundamentally flawed. While ostensibly efficient, this method subverts the cultivation of critical thinking and creativity—indispensable competencies in the contemporary global milieu. Students are inculcated to amass and regurgitate copious amounts of information, yet seldom are they afforded opportunities to apply this knowledge pragmatically or innovatively. This predilection for rote learning engenders a constricted conception of intelligence, valorizing test scores over analytical acumen and inventive prowess. Moreover, the system exerts an exorbitant amount of pressure on students, precipitating elevated levels of stress and burnout. To engender a more holistic and efficacious educational paradigm, a paradigmatic shift away from standardized testing toward fostering critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity is imperative.

① 표준화된 시험만으로 학생의 성공을 평가하는 것은 부적절하다.

② 시험 준비를 돕기 위한 추가 학습 자료의 개발이 시급하다.

③ 학생의 창의성을 키우기 위해 사교육의 역할을 강화해야 한다.

④ 교사들이 창의적 사고를 가르칠 수 있도록 더 많은 자원을 제공해야 한다.

⑤ 협력적 학습을 강화하는 것이 학업 성취도를 높이는 유일한 방법이다.

정답: ① 표준화된 시험만으로 학생의 성공을 평가하는 것은 부적절하다.

21. 밑줄 친 'a Sisyphean endeavor'가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

지문:

In South Korea's education system, students are anticipated to assimilate vast quantities of information without interrogating its pertinence or applicability to real-world quandaries. This inflexible paradigm can engender overwhelming stress, as students are narrowly concentrated on excelling in standardized assessments. Those incapable of coping with the pressure are frequently stigmatized as failures, exacerbating their distress. Conversely, students who manage to expand their perspective—perceiving education as more than a mere contest of test scores—are better equipped to navigate the system without internalizing its stressors. For them, the relentless pursuit of perfection becomes a Sisyphean endeavor, an endless toil devoid of meaningful progress. Recognizing this futility, they strive to find intrinsic value in learning, rather than being confined by external expectations.

밑줄: a Sisyphean endeavor

① a task that is unending and ultimately futile

② an opportunity to showcase one's resilience

③ a challenge that leads to personal growth

④ a journey filled with unforeseen obstacles

⑤ an ambition that is noble and rewarding

정답: ① a task that is unending and ultimately futile

22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

지문:

As South Korea's education system becomes increasingly competitive, parents have gravitated toward private education as a panacea to ensure their children's success. Families invest exorbitantly in hagwons (private academies), envisaging that supplementary tutoring will confer an advantage in examinations. However, this burgeoning dependence on private education illuminates the deficiencies of public schools. Public school educators, encumbered by excessive class sizes and administrative obligations, grapple with providing the individualized attention requisite for student development. Consequently, affluent students capable of affording private education continue to outpace their peers, while those reliant solely on public schooling languish. The chasm between the two cohorts is widening, concomitantly amplifying the societal divide between socioeconomic strata.

① 사교육 의존으로 인해 교육 격차가 커지고 있다.

② 공교육이 학생들의 개별적 학습 요구를 충족하지 못하고 있다.

③ 부모들이 사교육을 선택하는 것이 자녀 성공의 필수적인 요소가 되고 있다.

④ 공교육과 사교육 간의 경쟁 구도가 형성되고 있다.

⑤ 학부모의 사교육 투자로 인해 공교육의 필요성이 감소하고 있다.

정답: ① 사교육 의존으로 인해 교육 격차가 커지고 있다.

23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In South Korea, the monumental pressure to excel in college entrance examinations is ubiquitous. A multitude of students expend years attending hagwons post-school hours, forfeiting their social lives and even their mental health in the quest for superior scores. This intense emphasis on academic attainment is predicated on the conviction that admission to a prestigious university unequivocally ensures future success. However, this educational approach is not without its detriments. While students may exhibit proficiency in rote memorization and test-taking strategies, they frequently lack critical thinking skills and creativity. The system prioritizes ephemeral success over long-term development, culminating in graduates ill-prepared for the complexities of the modern workforce. As global economies evolve, it is incumbent upon South Korea to reassess whether its extant education system is genuinely equipping students for forthcoming challenges.

① South Korea's education system places too much emphasis on standardized testing.

② The current education system does not adequately prepare students for real-world challenges.

③ Students in South Korea face overwhelming pressure to succeed academically.

④ Private education is seen as a necessity for academic success in South Korea.

⑤ Educational reforms are needed to foster creativity and critical thinking in students.

24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

Isabella had always been a voracious learner, eager to delve into uncharted intellectual territories and pose incisive questions. However, as she advanced through the South Korean education system, her innate curiosity was systematically quashed by an inflexible, exam-centric environment. Each successive year intensified the emphasis on rote memorization and standardized testing, marginalizing opportunities for creativity and independent thought. Her teachers, inundated with oversized classes and administrative burdens, were ill-equipped to cultivate critical thinking or intellectual exploration. Isabella realized that the system venerated only one metric: test scores. Consequently, she felt constrained, unable to actualize her potential in a milieu that exalted conformity over innovation. Despite her intrinsic love of learning, she found herself increasingly disengaged from education.

① The Decline of Creativity in South Korean Classrooms

② How Standardized Testing Undermines Students’ Motivation

③ The Role of Teachers in Fostering Independent Thought

④ Why Exam-Centric Education Fails to Produce Critical Thinkers

⑤ The Pressure to Succeed in a Competitive Education System

25. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The escalating reliance on private education in South Korea has engendered significant disparities in academic achievement. According to a recent empirical study, students attending private academies, or hagwons, perform markedly better on standardized tests than those who depend exclusively on public education. The study further elucidated that the gulf between the highest and lowest-performing students has widened over the past decade, with affluent families able to allocate more resources toward their children's education. The imperative to excel academically has impelled many families to expend substantial portions of their income on private tutoring, thereby exacerbating the burgeoning inequality. Conversely, students from lower-income households, unable to afford private education, are increasingly lagging, intensifying the extant educational divide.

① 사교육에 의존하는 학생들이 공교육만 받는 학생들보다 더 높은 성적을 보인다.

② 사교육에 대한 의존이 교육 격차를 확대시키고 있다.

③ 저소득 가정의 학생들은 사교육을 받지 못해 학업 성취도가 낮다.

④ 사교육에 투자하는 비용이 점점 감소하고 있다.

⑤ 교육 불평등이 지난 10년간 더욱 심화되었다.

26. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In the South Korean education system, students are often compelled to conform to a homogenized notion of success, measured predominantly by test scores and university admissions. This paradigm starkly contrasts with the intellectual journey of luminaries like Richard Feynman, who revolutionized physics through his unorthodox approach and insatiable curiosity. Unlike Feynman, who flourished by challenging conventional wisdom and embracing creative problem-solving, many South Korean students find themselves constrained by a curriculum that suppresses individuality and critical thinking. The relentless emphasis on examinations, devoid of opportunities to explore diverse interests, stymies intellectual growth. Consequently, students frequently experience a sense of dissatisfaction, even when they achieve academic accolades.

① 학생들은 시험 성적에만 집중해야 한다는 압박을 느낀다.

② 창의성과 호기심을 발휘할 기회가 제한되어 있다.

③ 시험 성적이 교육의 유일한 목표로 여겨진다.

④ 시험 준비 외의 활동은 덜 중요하게 여겨진다.

⑤ 학생들은 학업 성취에도 불구하고 만족감을 느낀다.

27. Turtle Island Boat Tour에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Due to the pervasive academic pressures in South Korea, families often struggle to find time for leisure activities. In an effort to provide a reprieve from the relentless study schedules, some families plan trips to destinations like Turtle Island. The Turtle Island Boat Tour offers a unique opportunity to experience the island's natural beauty, including snorkeling excursions guided by professional divers. The tour operates twice daily on weekends and requires reservations to be made at least one day in advance; same-day bookings are not permitted. Participants must be at least 12 years old, and refunds are not available for cancellations made after the departure time.

① 주말에는 하루에 두 번 운영된다.

② 17세 이상만 참가할 수 있다.

③ 당일 예약이 가능하다.

④ 출발 시간 이후에는 환불이 불가능하다.

⑤ 전문 다이버와 함께 하는 스노클링 활동이 있다.

28. 2023 Eastland High School Video Clip Contest에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

Jisoo had always dreamed of becoming a filmmaker, but in South Korea’s highly competitive academic environment, there seemed to be little room for creative pursuits. Her teachers emphasized the importance of focusing on test scores, and her parents insisted that extracurricular activities like film were distractions from what really mattered—getting into a top university. Despite the pressure, Jisoo found solace in her school’s annual video contest, where students were encouraged to express themselves through short films. The theme this year was “Joyful Moments in Our Growing Community,” and she poured her heart into creating a three-minute clip capturing the fleeting joys of childhood. Although she knew the contest would not impact her academic future, it was the one chance she had to share her passion for storytelling with others.

① 출품작의 주제가 정해져 있지 않다.

② 한 달 동안 동영상을 접수할 예정이다.

③ 출품할 동영상의 길이는 3분을 초과할 수 없다.

④ 출품작은 학생 1인당 두 개로 제한된다.

⑤ 학생회가 수상자를 선정할 것이다.

29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

A plethora of studies provide substantial evidence of an innate human propensity to respond differentially to social stimuli. From birth, infants will orient preferentially towards the human face and voice, ① seeming to know that such stimuli are particularly meaningful for them. Moreover, they reg3ister this connection actively, imitating a variety of facial gestures that are presented to them—tongue protrusions, lip tightenings, mouth openings. They will even attempt to match gestures ② with which they have some difficulty, experimenting with their own faces until they succeed. When they ③ do succeed, they exhibit pleasure by a brightening of their eyes; when they fail, they display distress. In other words, they not only possess an innate capacity for matching their own kinaesthetically experienced bodily movements with ④ those of others that are visually perceived; they have an intrinsic drive to do so. That is, they seem to have an innate drive to imitate others ⑤ whom they judge to be 'like I'.

30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점]

In South Korea, the intense focus on academic achievement has engendered a marketplace for private education akin to a bazaar economy. The value of education, much like commodities in a bazaar, is negotiated among parents, schools, and private tutoring centers. Both parents and tutors are acutely aware of each other's ① constraints, such as financial limitations and the high stakes of academic success. Parents, especially those from lower-income backgrounds, can ② appraise the pressure they face to provide their children with opportunities that align with societal expectations. For instance, many parents perceive private tutoring for college entrance exams as a ③ necessity rather than a luxury. However, not all families can afford this, which creates an uneven playing field. Private academies are cautious not to offer overly ④ exorbitant prices for their services, knowing that parents see education as an investment but have finite resources. This marketplace for education creates a system where access to success is dictated by ⑤ disparate cultural and economic factors, reinforcing inequality.

31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Over the years, the South Korean education system has concentrated on standardizing the way students read and interpret texts, particularly for examinations. While this approach was initially intended to streamline education, it has inadvertently limited students' ability to engage with diverse forms of representation. As education becomes increasingly digital, students must navigate a wide array of texts, from visual images to interactive digital interfaces. Just as children learn from picture books where words and illustrations complement each other, modern students encounter a world where knowledge is presented through multimedia. Reading, therefore, is not simply __________. In this contemporary context, students must learn to interpret the complexities of multimodal texts, where meaning is often conveyed through images, sound, and interactivity. This necessitates a more nuanced understanding than merely decoding words.

① word recognition

② imaginative exploration

③ auditory processing

④ critical analysis

⑤ subjective interpretation

32. 다음 글에서 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

A musical score within any film can add an additional layer to the film text, which transcends merely mimicking the action viewed. In films that depict futuristic worlds, composers, much like sound designers, have augmented freedom to create a soundscape that is unknown and novel to the viewer. However, unlike sound designers, composers often eschew crafting unique pieces that reflect these new worlds and instead present musical scores that possess familiar structures and cadences. While it is conceivable that this may impede creativity and a sense of space and time, it in fact __________. Through recognizable scores, visions of the future or a galaxy far, far away can be situated within a familiar context. Such familiarity allows the viewer to be placed in a comfortable cognitive space so that the film may then guide the viewer to what is an unfamiliar but acceptable vision of a world divergent from their own.

① liberates the narrative from conventional constraints

② facilitates viewer accessibility to the film

③ enhances the exoticism of the musical experience

④ aligns the audience with the film's thematic essence

⑤ compels viewers to contemplate more profoundly

33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

South Korea's education system, much like the paintings of Charles Le Brun, portrays students as mere faces, devoid of context or individuality. Just as Le Brun's faces lack the social and emotional background that would imbue them with meaning, South Korean students are reduced to numbers and rankings in a system that prioritizes test scores over holistic development. What is striking about the faces Le Brun drew is that ______________. In the same way, students in South Korea are assessed solely on their academic performance, without consideration of their personal circumstances, emotional well-being, or creative potential. This dehumanizing approach to education overlooks the complex realities of students' lives, treating them as faceless participants in a race for academic success.

① any number of them could be substituted for one another without loss

② each one exuded a unique and inimitable emotional depth

③ they all depicted vivid narratives of individual experiences

④ every portrait was imbued with personalized social commentary

⑤ they consistently conveyed their intended emotions with precision

34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In South Korea, education is often viewed as a one-size-fits-all solution, much like how individuals perceive transportation systems in their city. Just as commuters believe they know the optimal routes or modes of transport, parents and students think they understand the path to academic success—top grades, prestigious universities, and lucrative careers. And how they view the education system __________. Parents, educators, and students often debate the efficacy of various teaching methods or the role of private education, but these discussions rarely consider the individual needs of students. Such debates are not driven by empirical data or meticulous planning; rather, they are shaped by emotional presumptions about what will lead to success. For many, the trepidation of lagging behind or missing out fuels their decision to invest heavily in private education, even if it entails sacrificing personal growth or well-being.

① relies heavily on how others perceive their city's infrastructure

② is updated with each new educational policy reform

③ arises independently of the educational pathways they traverse

④ correlates closely with how they navigate the educational landscape

⑤ is firmly rooted in how their society operates as a whole

35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은?

In South Korea, students are often encouraged to study expeditiously and efficiently, emphasizing memorization over deep comprehension. Speaking fast is a high-risk proposition. It's nearly impossible to maintain the ideal conditions to be persuasive, eloquent, and effective when the mouth is moving well over the speed limit. ① Although we'd like to think that our minds are sharp enough to always make astute decisions with the utmost efficiency, they just aren't. ② In reality, the brain arrives at a crossroads of multiple possible responses and hesitates momentarily, contemplating the options. ③ Engaging in mindfulness meditation can enhance cognitive processing speed and decision-making abilities. ④ When the brain ceases to send navigational instructions to the mouth and the mouth is moving too rapidly to pause, that's when you experience a verbal collision, colloquially known as filler words. ⑤ Um, ah, you know, and like are what your mouth articulates when it has nowhere else to go. The pressure to perform swiftly in academics creates a similar predicament. Students may learn to recall information rapidly, but they often lack the time to think critically or develop meaningful insights.

36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In South Korea, negotiations between parents and schools about the optimal approach to education are often contentious. Negotiation can be defined as an attempt to explore and reconcile conflicting positions to reach an acceptable outcome.

(A) Whatever the nature of the outcome, which may indeed favor one party more than another, the purpose of negotiation is the identification of areas of common interest and conflict. In this sense, depending on the intentions of the parties, the areas of common interest may be clarified, refined, and given negotiated form and substance.

(B) Areas of divergence can and frequently do remain, and may become the subject of future negotiations or remain irreconcilable. In instances where the parties have highly antagonistic or polarized relations, the process is likely to be dominated by the exposition, often publicly, of the areas of conflict.

(C) In these and sometimes other forms of negotiation, the process serves functions beyond reconciling conflicting interests. These may include delay, garnering publicity, diverting attention, or seeking intelligence about the other party and its negotiating position.

① (A) - (B) - (C)

② (B) - (C) - (A)

③ (A) - (C) - (B)

④ (B) - (A) - (C)

⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In South Korea's education system, students conform to the norms established by society, often without questioning whether those norms serve their best interests. Norms emerge in groups as a result of individuals conforming to the behavior of others. Thus, the genesis of a norm occurs when one person acts in a particular manner in a specific situation because she believes she ought to.

(A) Others may then conform to this behavior for a multitude of reasons. The person who performed the initial action may think that others ought to behave as she does in similar situations.

(B) Consequently, she may prescribe the behavior to them by articulating the norm statement in a prescriptive manner. Alternatively, she may convey that conformity is desired through other means, such as gestures. Additionally, she may threaten to sanction them for not behaving as she wishes. This will cause some to conform to her expectations and act as she acts.

(C) However, some individuals will not require the behavior to be prescribed to them. They will observe the regularity of behavior and decide autonomously that they ought to conform. They may do so for either rational or moral reasons.

① (A) - (B) - (C)

② (C) - (A) - (B)

③ (B) - (A) - (C)

④ (B) - (C) - (A)

⑤ (A) - (C) - (B)

38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

주어진 문장: Yes, some contests are seen as world-class, such as the identification of the Higgs boson or the development of high-temperature superconductors.

In South Korea, education is often perceived as a "winner-takes-all" contest, where success is measured solely by admission to prestigious universities. Science is sometimes described as a winner-take-all contest, implying that there are no rewards for being second or third. This perspective mirrors the extreme competitiveness ingrained in the South Korean education system, where students are often taught that only being at the top matters. (①) Even those who describe the system in such terms acknowledge that it is a somewhat inaccurate portrayal, given that the process of learning and personal growth also holds intrinsic value. (②) It is also inaccurate to the extent that it suggests that only a few students can succeed, when in reality, there are many pathways to success beyond traditional academic achievements. (③)  But many other students find success in different fields, and the number of such alternative success stories may be increasing. (④)  For example, in the realm of technology and startups, students who may not have excelled in standardized tests are demonstrating their potential through innovation and entrepreneurship. (⑤) 

39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

주어진 문장: At the next step in the argument, however, the analogy breaks down.

지문:

In South Korea, the education system often operates like a rigid machine, where even minor mistakes or deviations can have significant consequences for a student's future. Misprints in a book or in any written message usually have a negative impact on the content, sometimes (literally) fatally. (①) The displacement of a comma, for instance, may be a matter of life and death. (②) Similarly, most mutations have deleterious consequences for the organism in which they occur, meaning that they reduce its reproductive fitness. (③)  Occasionally, however, a mutation may occur that enhances the fitness of the organism, just as an accidental failure to reproduce the text of the first edition might provide more accurate or updated information. (④) By contrast, there is no mechanism by which a book that accidentally corrects the mistakes of the first edition will tend to sell better. (⑤) 

40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

지문:

In South Korea, much like in the sciences, concentrating on one subject or skill at a time allows for greater mastery, rather than attempting to excel in all subjects simultaneously. Even individuals with average talent can produce notable work in various scientific domains, provided they do not endeavor to encompass all of them concurrently. Instead, they should focus their attention on one subject after another (that is, during different periods of time), although later endeavors may attenuate earlier accomplishments in other areas. This implies that the brain adapts to universal science temporally but not spatially. In fact, even those with exceptional abilities proceed in this manner. Thus, when we are astonished by someone with publications in disparate scientific fields, we must realize that each topic was explored during a specific period. Knowledge acquired earlier will not have vanished from the author's mind, but it will have been simplified by condensing into formulas or greatly abbreviated symbols. Thus, sufficient cognitive space remains for the perception and learning of new concepts on the cerebral canvas.

요약문:

Exploring one scientific subject after another (A) remarkable work across the sciences, as the previously acquired knowledge is retained in simplified forms within the brain, which (B) room for new learning.

(A)

① enables

② challenges

③ delays

④ requires

⑤ inhibits

(B)

① leaves

② constricts

③ diminishes

④ precludes

⑤ allocates

1-42. 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

지문:

In South Korea, education reform is frequently deliberated, but the complexity of the issue renders it arduous to achieve consensus. One way to avoid contributing to the overwhelming pressure on students would be to completely restructure the system. However, that is not a pragmatic option for policymakers who feel a profound sense of responsibility to maintain the status quo and appease various stakeholders. Advocating for radical changes has (a) advantages in terms of raising awareness and perhaps garnering public support, but it runs the risk of causing confusion, resistance, and further entrenchment of antiquated methods. Hence, the decision to champion reform tends to be highly individualized. Decades ago, it was (b) unusual for educators and parents to challenge the rigid exam-based structure, and consequently, few alternative methods were ever explored. In the early 2000s, however, the few educators who spoke openly about change were often (c) ostracized by their peers for being too idealistic. The situation now is quite different, as many parents and teachers feel a responsibility to challenge the traditional system because of the intense competition it fosters. In addition, many educational experts are finding that they (d) relish the attention from the media and the public, even if the solutions they propose are controversial. At the same time, some educators continue to avoid media attention, thereby preserving more time for classroom instruction and (e) eschewing the risk of being overlooked in important policy discussions.

41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① The Complexities of Education Reform in South Korea

② Balancing Tradition and Innovation in Education

③ The Personal Dilemma of Advocating for Change

④ Challenges Faced by Reform-Minded Educators

⑤ Public Attention and Its Impact on Educational Policy

42. 밑줄 친 (a)➰(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

지문:

(A)

Eleanor and Margaret stood side by side on the rooftop of their school, gazing out at the labyrinthine sprawl of the city beneath them. The overwhelming sight of innumerable edifices mirrored the pressure they confronted daily in their academic lives. Just after the final school bell resonated, they concluded discussing their impending university entrance examinations. Eleanor turned to Margaret with an inquiry, "Do you believe this will be the most pivotal test of your life?" Margaret's visage tightened with apprehension, but she mustered a smile and nodded. "Yes... (a) I can't envision life beyond this test."

(B)

After the bell, they descended to the vacant classroom. Eleanor looked at Margaret and remarked, "Studying feels like an interminable marathon, doesn't it?" Margaret sighed and responded, "Quite analogous to life itself. It instructs me on what it means to persevere under duress." She added, "It demonstrates (b) how to surmount challenges, even when they appear insurmountable." Eleanor nodded in concurrence, adding, "After this test, do you think we'll ever be able to truly unwind?"

(C)

Margaret had once been an energetic student, brimming with dreams and aspirations, but the unrelenting competition in the education system compelled her to relinquish her initial ambitions. She felt ensnared by a system that quantified her worth by a solitary number. Eleanor observed how the stress of the preceding years had rendered Margaret quieter, yet (c) more resilient. As they ventured outside, Margaret turned to Eleanor and said, "Look at all these students lingering late to study; it's perpetual."

(D)

Eleanor and Margaret ambled toward the school gate, the heft of their backpacks emblematic of the formidable expectations imposed upon them. As they neared the exit, Eleanor couldn't help but say, "Margaret, can you fathom that this cycle will soon culminate?" Margaret didn't respond immediately, lost in contemplation. Eleanor understood Margaret's silence, recognizing that she was reflecting on the arduous journey they had traversed together. Margaret's silence reminded Eleanor of how much they had both endured and matured. Now, it seemed that (d) she had reconciled herself with their shared tribulations.

43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B) - (C) - (D)

② (C) - (B) - (D)

③ (B) - (D) - (C)

④ (D) - (B) - (C)

⑤ (C) - (D) - (B)

44. 밑줄 친 (a)~(d) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 셋과 다른 것은?

① (a)

② (b)

③ (c)

④ (d)

⑤ No answer

45. 윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?

① Eleanor와 Margaret은 시험 준비에 대한 대화를 나누었다.

② Margaret은 교육 시스템의 압박으로 인해 꿈을 포기했다.

③ Eleanor는 Margaret이 스트레스로 인해 조용해졌음을 알아챘다.

④ 두 학생은 학교를 떠나면서 그동안의 여정을 회상했다.

⑤ Eleanor는 시험 후에도 그들이 계속해서 압박을 느낄 것이라고 확신했다.